Politically Correct Terms In The Jakarta Post
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30872/e3l.v6i1.2391Keywords:
Political Correctness, The Jakarta Post, News, Website, SociolinguisticsAbstract
The purpose of this study was to find out the types of political correctness used in The Jakarta Post’s news website. The design of the study was qualitative approach. The sample of this study was eleven news articles taken from March to May 2021. Political correctness categorizations were taken from the works of John (2017), Andary-Brophy (2015), and Monashnenko, Amelina, and Shynkaruk (2021). The finding was that The Jakarta Post used: eight PC-Liberalism and three PC-Authoritarianism types; two politeness, one accuracy, three academic, and five conformity variants; and seven euphemisms of discrimination, one euphemism of unpleasant reality, and three euphemisms of people’s lives. The data analysis result exhibited that The Jakarta Post mainly used political correctness for conformity, adhering to the practices of liberalism, and avoiding terms that may be discriminatory. The goal of the study was to provide a better understanding and description of political correctness as well as a model for English language education department students to do further comparable research.
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References
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Bump, P. (2015, December 17). How ‘politically correct’ moved from Commies to culture and back into politics. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/17/the-interesting-evolution-of-political-correctness/
Creswell, J. W., and Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (Fourth Edition ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Darmawan, I. P., and Muhaimi, L. (2020). Dysphemism Lexical Items of Hate Speeches: Towards Education of Students for Political Correctness. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 465, 242-245.
Davis, A. M., and Ernst, R. (2017, November 23). Racial gaslighting. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1403934
Dickson, J. (2017, May). “What Did You Just Say?”: Defining and Measuring Political Correctness. Retrieved from https://rc.library.uta.edu/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/26821/DICKSON-DISSERTATION-2017.pdf
Dzenis, S., and Faria, F. N. (2020). Political Correctness: the Twofold Protection of Liberalism. Philosophia, 95-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-019-00094-4
Eklöf, S. (2003). Power and Political Culture in Suharto's Indonesia : the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98). Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Ellis, F. (2002, Winter). Political Correctness and the Ideological Struggle: From Lenin and Mao to Marcuse and Foucault. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 27(4), 409-444. Retrieved from https://baixardoc.com/documents/frank-ellis-political-correctness-and-the-ideological-struggle-from-lenin-and-mao-to-marcuse-and-foucault-5cb39868dec1e
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Fitriani, S. S., Ananda, R., Irawan, A. M., Samad, I. A., and Weda, S. (2021). Representation of 212 Rallies in the Jakarta Post Articles: A Hybridity of CDA and SFL Analysis. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(1), 328-245. doi:http://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.16836
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Knowles, E., and Elliott, J. (1997). The Oxford dictionary of new words (new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krause, W. (2019). Appearing moderate or radical? Radical left party success and the two-dimensional political space. West European Politics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1672019
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., .Zittrain, J. L. (2018, March 09). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998
Lichev, V., and Hristoskova, M. (2017). Political Correctness—Between Fiction and Social Reality. Philosophies, 2(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies2030015
Longley, R. (2019, July 9). What Is Political Correctness? Definition, Pros, and Cons. Retrieved March 19, 2022, from ThoughtCo.: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-political-correctness-4178215
Majer, H. (2017). Socio-political and Educational Context of Elt: Native versus Non-native Teachers of English. In R. Kucha, and H. Cudak (Eds.), Educationalists versus Politicians - Who Should Integrate Europe for Wellbeing of all Inhabitants. Społeczna Akademia Nauk.
Malygina, E. V., and Ivanova, A. M. (2021). Sotsiolingvisticheskie parametry formirovaniya politicheskoy [Sociolinguistic aspects of political correctness in English]. Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya lingvistika [Theoretical and Applied Linguistics], 7(3), 140-148. doi:10.22250/2410¬7190_2021_7_3_140_148
Melitz, J. (2016). English as a Global Language. In V. Ginsburgh, and S. Weber (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language.
Microsoft. (2021, February). Digital Civility Index and Our Challenge | Microsoft Online Safety. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/online-safety/digital-civility?activetab=dci_reports%3aprimaryr3
Moller, D. (2019). Dilemmas of Political Correctness. Journal of Practical Ethics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso%2F9780190863241.003.0015
Monashnenko, A., Amelina, S., and Shynkaruk, V. (2021). The Phenomenon of Political Correctness in Modern English. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 149-157. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125957090.pdf
Moss, J. T., and O'Connor, P. J. (2020). Political correctness and the alt-right: The development of extreme political attitudes. PLOS ONE. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239259
Palme, J. (2005, June 11). Using HTML in E-mail. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Stockholm University's Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV): https://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/ietf/mhtml.html
Pérez, E. (2020, July 2). ‘People of color’ are protesting. Here’s what you need to know about this new identity. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/02/people-color-are-protesting-heres-what-you-need-know-about-this-new-identity/
Phumsiri, N., and Tangkiengsirisin, S. (2018). An Analysis of the Use of English with Political Correctness: A Case Study of Graduate Students in Thailand. Arab World English Journal, 9(4), 447-463. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.33
Putra, W. H., and Rohmatulloh, D. M. (2019). BAHASA DAN NARASI POLITIK KREATIF: Kontestasi Merebut Kebenaran Islam dalam Demokrasi Digital 2019 di Indonesia. Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars (pp. 294-302). Surabaya: UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Retrieved from http://proceedings.kopertais4.or.id/index.php/ancoms/article/download/242/245/
Rakhmani, I., and Saraswati, M. S. (2021). Authoritarian Populism in Indonesia: The Role of the Political Campaign Industry in Engineering Consent and Coercion. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(3), 436-460. doi:10. 1177/ 1868 1034 2110 27885
Ravitch, S. M., and Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Rosenblum, M., Schroeder, J., and Gino, F. (2019, August 15). Tell It Like It Is: When Politically Incorrect Language Promotes Authenticity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000206
Sabri, A. Z., Abu, R., Kaddas, B., and Hasriani, A. (2019). Co-Relationship Between Age, Religion And Education Level In Supporting “Reuni 212”. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary, 2(1), 116-126. Retrieved from https://journal.alhikam.net/index.php/jrm/article/download/14/19
Sirulhaq, A., Saharuddin, S., Asyhar, M., and Sukri, S. J. (2020). Ignorance of Political Correctness on Joko Widodo’s Political Rhetoric in the 2019 Presidential Election Campaign: a Pragmatic Study. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019) (pp. 186-189). Atlantis Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.047
Stim, R. (n.d.). What Is Fair Use? Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Stanford Libraries: https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/what-is-fair-use/
Tan, C., Friggeri, A., and Adamic, L. A. (2016). Lost in Propagation? Unfolding News Cycles from the Source. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 10(1), pp. 378-387. Retrieved from https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14712
Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia : the Jakarta Post Story. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
The Jakarta Post. (2011, September 24). Online Edition. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://web.archive.org/web/20110923193647/http://www.thejakartapost.com/about
The Jakarta Post. (2014, March 1). The Jakarta Post ranks second on RI most popular newspapers list. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003557/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/01/the-jakarta-post-ranks-second-ri-most-popular-newspapers-list.html
Tschapka, L. (2018). “Political Correctness” – A Threat to Free Speech? Overcoming the Dilemma. UBT International Conference. Retrieved from https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2018/all-events/385
Turetsky, K. M., and Riddle, T. A. (2018). Porous Chambers, Echoes of Valence and Stereotypes: A Network Analysis of Online News Coverage Interconnectedness Following a Nationally Polarizing Race-Related Event. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 163-175. doi:10.1177/1948550617733519
Whitney, D. C., and Wartella, A. (1992, June 83-94). Media Coverage of the “Political Correctness” Debate. Journal of Communication, 42(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x
Zimmerman, J. (2016, June 16). The Two Kinds of PC. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from Inside Higher Ed: https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2016/06/16/examination-two-kinds-political-correctness-essay.
Andary-Brophy, C. A. (2015). Political Correctness: Social-fiscal Liberalism and Left-wing Authoritarianism. University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1807/75755
Andresen, J. T., and Carter, P. M. (2016). Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Balcazar, A. (2019). #politicallyincorrect: The Pejoration of Political Language. North Texas Journal of Undergraduate Research, 1(1), 1-7. Retrieved from https://journals.library.unt.edu/index.php/undergrad/article/download/71/40
Barbour, H. (2020, August 24). The Top 20+ Questions on “Politically Correct” Terms [with Answers!]. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from ONGIG: https://blog.ongig.com/diversity-and-inclusion/politically-correct-terms/
Borris, D., and Zecho, C. (2018). The linguistic politeness having seen on the current study issue. Linguistics and Culture Review, 2(1), 32-44. doi:https://doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v2n1.10
Bump, P. (2015, December 17). How ‘politically correct’ moved from Commies to culture and back into politics. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/17/the-interesting-evolution-of-political-correctness/
Creswell, J. W., and Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (Fourth Edition ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Darmawan, I. P., and Muhaimi, L. (2020). Dysphemism Lexical Items of Hate Speeches: Towards Education of Students for Political Correctness. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 465, 242-245.
Davis, A. M., and Ernst, R. (2017, November 23). Racial gaslighting. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1403934
Dickson, J. (2017, May). “What Did You Just Say?”: Defining and Measuring Political Correctness. Retrieved from https://rc.library.uta.edu/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/26821/DICKSON-DISSERTATION-2017.pdf
Dzenis, S., and Faria, F. N. (2020). Political Correctness: the Twofold Protection of Liberalism. Philosophia, 95-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-019-00094-4
Eklöf, S. (2003). Power and Political Culture in Suharto's Indonesia : the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98). Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Ellis, F. (2002, Winter). Political Correctness and the Ideological Struggle: From Lenin and Mao to Marcuse and Foucault. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 27(4), 409-444. Retrieved from https://baixardoc.com/documents/frank-ellis-political-correctness-and-the-ideological-struggle-from-lenin-and-mao-to-marcuse-and-foucault-5cb39868dec1e
Ely, R. J., Meyerson, D. E., and Davidson, M. N. (2006, September). Rethinking Political Correctness. Harvard Business Review, 84(9), 78-87. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/30346958/Rethinking_political_correctness.pdf
Fitriani, S. S., Ananda, R., Irawan, A. M., Samad, I. A., and Weda, S. (2021). Representation of 212 Rallies in the Jakarta Post Articles: A Hybridity of CDA and SFL Analysis. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(1), 328-245. doi:http://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.16836
Galef, D. (2014). Plain talk, or case of the vanishing vocabulary. Vocabularia, 6, 1-6.
Holden, A. (n.d.). Difference of HTML and MHTML. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Techwalla: https://techwalla.com/articles/difference-of-html-mhtml
Hughes, G. (2010). Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
John, S. (2017, November 22). 7 Types of Political Correctness. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from Simplicable: https://simplicable.com/new/political-correctness
Knowles, E., and Elliott, J. (1997). The Oxford dictionary of new words (new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krause, W. (2019). Appearing moderate or radical? Radical left party success and the two-dimensional political space. West European Politics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1672019
Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., .Zittrain, J. L. (2018, March 09). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998
Lichev, V., and Hristoskova, M. (2017). Political Correctness—Between Fiction and Social Reality. Philosophies, 2(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies2030015
Longley, R. (2019, July 9). What Is Political Correctness? Definition, Pros, and Cons. Retrieved March 19, 2022, from ThoughtCo.: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-political-correctness-4178215
Majer, H. (2017). Socio-political and Educational Context of Elt: Native versus Non-native Teachers of English. In R. Kucha, and H. Cudak (Eds.), Educationalists versus Politicians - Who Should Integrate Europe for Wellbeing of all Inhabitants. Społeczna Akademia Nauk.
Malygina, E. V., and Ivanova, A. M. (2021). Sotsiolingvisticheskie parametry formirovaniya politicheskoy [Sociolinguistic aspects of political correctness in English]. Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya lingvistika [Theoretical and Applied Linguistics], 7(3), 140-148. doi:10.22250/2410¬7190_2021_7_3_140_148
Melitz, J. (2016). English as a Global Language. In V. Ginsburgh, and S. Weber (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language.
Microsoft. (2021, February). Digital Civility Index and Our Challenge | Microsoft Online Safety. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/online-safety/digital-civility?activetab=dci_reports%3aprimaryr3
Moller, D. (2019). Dilemmas of Political Correctness. Journal of Practical Ethics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso%2F9780190863241.003.0015
Monashnenko, A., Amelina, S., and Shynkaruk, V. (2021). The Phenomenon of Political Correctness in Modern English. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 149-157. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125957090.pdf
Moss, J. T., and O'Connor, P. J. (2020). Political correctness and the alt-right: The development of extreme political attitudes. PLOS ONE. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239259
Palme, J. (2005, June 11). Using HTML in E-mail. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Stockholm University's Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV): https://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/ietf/mhtml.html
Pérez, E. (2020, July 2). ‘People of color’ are protesting. Here’s what you need to know about this new identity. Retrieved May 20, 2022, from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/02/people-color-are-protesting-heres-what-you-need-know-about-this-new-identity/
Phumsiri, N., and Tangkiengsirisin, S. (2018). An Analysis of the Use of English with Political Correctness: A Case Study of Graduate Students in Thailand. Arab World English Journal, 9(4), 447-463. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.33
Putra, W. H., and Rohmatulloh, D. M. (2019). BAHASA DAN NARASI POLITIK KREATIF: Kontestasi Merebut Kebenaran Islam dalam Demokrasi Digital 2019 di Indonesia. Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars (pp. 294-302). Surabaya: UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Retrieved from http://proceedings.kopertais4.or.id/index.php/ancoms/article/download/242/245/
Rakhmani, I., and Saraswati, M. S. (2021). Authoritarian Populism in Indonesia: The Role of the Political Campaign Industry in Engineering Consent and Coercion. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(3), 436-460. doi:10. 1177/ 1868 1034 2110 27885
Ravitch, S. M., and Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Rosenblum, M., Schroeder, J., and Gino, F. (2019, August 15). Tell It Like It Is: When Politically Incorrect Language Promotes Authenticity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000206
Sabri, A. Z., Abu, R., Kaddas, B., and Hasriani, A. (2019). Co-Relationship Between Age, Religion And Education Level In Supporting “Reuni 212”. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary, 2(1), 116-126. Retrieved from https://journal.alhikam.net/index.php/jrm/article/download/14/19
Sirulhaq, A., Saharuddin, S., Asyhar, M., and Sukri, S. J. (2020). Ignorance of Political Correctness on Joko Widodo’s Political Rhetoric in the 2019 Presidential Election Campaign: a Pragmatic Study. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019) (pp. 186-189). Atlantis Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.047
Stim, R. (n.d.). What Is Fair Use? Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Stanford Libraries: https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/what-is-fair-use/
Tan, C., Friggeri, A., and Adamic, L. A. (2016). Lost in Propagation? Unfolding News Cycles from the Source. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 10(1), pp. 378-387. Retrieved from https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14712
Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia : the Jakarta Post Story. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
The Jakarta Post. (2011, September 24). Online Edition. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://web.archive.org/web/20110923193647/http://www.thejakartapost.com/about
The Jakarta Post. (2014, March 1). The Jakarta Post ranks second on RI most popular newspapers list. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003557/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/01/the-jakarta-post-ranks-second-ri-most-popular-newspapers-list.html
Tschapka, L. (2018). “Political Correctness” – A Threat to Free Speech? Overcoming the Dilemma. UBT International Conference. Retrieved from https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2018/all-events/385
Turetsky, K. M., and Riddle, T. A. (2018). Porous Chambers, Echoes of Valence and Stereotypes: A Network Analysis of Online News Coverage Interconnectedness Following a Nationally Polarizing Race-Related Event. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 163-175. doi:10.1177/1948550617733519
Whitney, D. C., and Wartella, A. (1992, June 83-94). Media Coverage of the “Political Correctness” Debate. Journal of Communication, 42(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x
Zimmerman, J. (2016, June 16). The Two Kinds of PC. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from Inside Higher Ed: https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2016/06/16/examination-two-kinds-political-correctness-essay.
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Published
2023-03-30
How to Cite
Anwar, M. ., Amarullah, A., & Utami Asih, Y. (2023). Politically Correct Terms In The Jakarta Post . E3L: Journal of English Teaching, Linguistic, and Literature, 6(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.30872/e3l.v6i1.2391
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