Samaun Bakri: Nationalist Portrait in 1925-1948

Samaun Bakri is one of many figures from Nagari Kurai Taji Pariaman West Sumatra, which enliven the national political stage. His movement in the Dutch Colonial period, began when he attended in Sumatra Thawalib Padang Panjang. The Kuminih movement, fronted by Communist propagandists, has changed its paradigm of thinking from moderate to radical. Sometimes Samaun is often the target of arrest with allegations of infidelity. This paper is compiled based on historical method, consist of; heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The world of Islamic movement and modernization has indeed influenced the way of Samaun thinking. Several times, he was involved in the press, ranging from Persamaan, Sasaran, Penabur, and often wrote harsh criticisms of the Dutch government. After the Silungkang incident, he crossed over to the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI). During the Japanese occupation, he was involved in the management of PUTERA and Jawa Hokokai. His political career post-independence immediately dashed, when he served as Deputy Governor of West Java in 1946, KNIP members represent West Java, and became Deputy Resident of Banten in 1946-1948.


INTRODUCTION
Every moment of Independence is commemorated, all eyes will be upon the preaching of the preparation of the text of the Proclamation on the morning of August 17, 1945 at the house of Laksamana Tadashi Maeda. Everyone must know a list of names, the start of Soekarno, Hatta, Ahmad Soebardjo, Chaerul Saleh, BM. Diah, Sayuti Melik, and Soediro, but of course rarely know the figure of Samaun Bakri (Malik, 1950& Anwar, 1948. Samaun Bakri, a son born in Nagari Kurai Taji Pariaman West Sumatra, is indeed included in the sheet of national history. His name again echoed in Kompas news, when Peltu Ilyas rediscovered the debris from the DC3 RI 002 aircraft on April 14, 1978 around Lampung. He has previously been awarded the title of Independence Pioneer from the Republic of Indonesia (UU No. 5 Prps-1964 and Minister of Social Affairs Decree No. Pol 7I/19.31/PK/Jd). Samaun Bakri is a radical youth who is active in the world of movement, even though he attended school in Sumatra Thawalib Padang Panjang. The impact of Kuminih infected by Haji Ahmad Khatib Datuk Batuah cs in the period of 1923, influenced Samaun's attitude and paradigm of thinking that initially moderate to be radical (Sufyan, 2017). The changes in orientation and ideology choice of Samaun, of course, can happen. Padang Panjang called Audrey Kahin as the area that became the connecting gateway between the west coast of Sumatra and Minangkabau inland, has been transformed as the basis of education and modernization of Islam (Kahin, 1996). Since 1925Since -1928, Samaun has coordinated a radical movement, especially among the youth in Pariaman. Her passion in the world of correspondence has brought Samaun in journalistic activities. Noted during his stay in Pariaman, he was once the correspondent of the Persamaan newspaper. Through his writings, he often criticizes the Dutch colonial government's policies that mislead the people. The impact, Samaun became the target of the Dutch government's arrest because it was considered to have destroyed the order of rust en orde.
In 1935 Samaun chose to leave his village and move to Medan and then to Bengkulu.
Apparently, he never deterred from his activities that were considered hostile to the Dutch government. In Bengkulu, Samaun is back in the world of movement. This time he actively takes care of Muhammadiyah Bengkulu Region and Partai Serikat Islam Indonesia (PSII) Bengkulu.
Samaun was active again in journalism, he headed the newsletter of Penabur and Sasaran. Again he strongly criticized the Dutch colonial government policy, especially in the field of health.
Samaun criticized the head of Bengkulu Hospital who often insulted indigenous people who treated with inlander designation. The impact, Semaun was subjected to exorbitant rechten and spent two years in prison.
The entering the Japanese occupation, there was a change of orientation in the world of Samaun movement. if he had been radical to Dutch colonial government policy, the Japanese Copyright © 2018, Yupa: Historical Studies Journal, p-ISSN 2541-6960, e-ISSN 2549-8754 period he chose moderation. Samaun is involved in the two largest organizations of the Japanese period, namely in PUTERA and Jawa Hokokai. His political career peaked after independence. His proximity with Soekarno and Hatta, his activities from Dutch Colonial to Japanese made him "dumped " into the government stage. Since elected as a member of KNIP, in the period 1946-1948 Samaun once occupied the position of Vice Resident of West Java and Banten. This is the interesting side of the political activities of Samaun Bakri, so the author is interested in studying this topic with the title "Samaun Bakri: Nationalist Portrait in 1925-1948."

METHOD
To develop this research, the authors put forward two items of the question, how the portrait of the life of Samaun Bakri ?, and what factors affect the activities of Samaun in the stage of politics and government? All questions asked above will be answered in the discussion.
This paper is compiled based on historical method, the consist of heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography.
The writings that reveal Samaun Bakri's identity and activities, from the literature of the book, article, thesis and dissertations are few to mention. Adam Malik (1950) period 1946-1948. In addition, Samaun Bakri's biography was written, without the use of years, places, and etc. From the two previous studies known, there have been some who wrote the biography of Samaun Bakri, but who alluded to his movement during the years 1925-1948, no one has discussed.
The study of Samaun Bakri is closely related to the concept of biography. Why is biography always interesting to talk about? Biography can be defined as writing a person's life history (Sagimund, 1993). Taufik Abdullah (1983) suggests a biography is a form of historical writing that seeks to reveal the activities of a person, within the context of a certain time, without ignoring the relationship between the character with the development of the times and the environment.
Sartono Kartodirdjo (1993) also reveals the biography as a unit of history that since classical times has been written by the historiographical of Taetus, to strengthen an actor, biography becomes the main tool. That is, biography is not a new product in historiography, but a series of stories that began in Ancient Greek era. Well-written biographies, both by academic and amateur historians, are expected to inspire readers. Understanding and deepening the personality of a person is demanded the background knowledge of the socio-cultural environment in which the character is born, how the process of formal and informal education undertaken, the characters around him. Samaun Bakri's biography is essentially related to thematic biographical studies, where this study has some similarities to the mentality history. The mentality history involves not only ideas or thoughts that affect a particular historical process but also a structure of consciousness, which is also present in the mentality of human and society. This means that the life biography of Samaun Bakri cannot be separated from the birthplace, cultural environment, education, soul of the times (zeitgeist) that affect the life of this character.

About Samaun Bakri
Samaun Bakri was born on April 28, 1908 in Nagari Kurai Taji of the couple Bagindo Abu Bakar and Siti Syarifah. Kurai Taji in its history sheet is known as one of the areas that have links with other regions in Pariaman. In MvO 1910 called the name "Kuraitaji" in the lyrics, Salareh Sunua-Kuraitaji, Pauah Kamba jo Bintuang Tinggi. In oral tradition study, Kurai Taji's name begins with the story of a chicken bout by Kuraiese origin who gave a spur on the chicken feet of his complaint. Picture 1. Samaun Bakri (1908-1948  Zainuddin -a crossbreed Padang and India.
In some literature does not mention the involvement of Samaun in the left movement.
When connected later with changes in attitude that previously tended to be submissive and reserved, to be radical and like to protest, most likely Samaun dissolve in the left movement in International Debating Club or in Bufet Merah (name of the canteen in Sumatera). Burhanuddin Daya in his writing, mentions that generally students in Thawalib School that time was interested in radical ideology offered by the auxiliary teacher as well as an editorial assistant of Al-Munir Al-Manar magazine (Daya, 1990 (Munafi, 1985). In addition to active in Muhammadiyah, Samaun has worked as a "kuli tinta" in the Harian Persamaan. Apparently, the radical soul and its critical nature of the Dutch East Indies government never disappeared. One of the officials he often criticized was a controller named Spit. Unlike the character of society at that time who tend to choose safe, Samaun even too daring to criticize, which he put forward in the Persamaan newspaper. Of course, Spit is hurt. He also used the services of Kurai Taji Chief Chairman, Moh. Noer Majolelo to drive Samaun Bakri out of his hometown ( Bakri & Wiyono, 2014).

Moved to Bengkulu and Changed the Movement at the Dai Nippon Era
The household story is winding. The heavy pressure from the Dutch East Indies government, especially after the economic crisis of the 1930s, forced Samaun to leave the world of movement. He chose to wander outside West Sumatra. The selected overseas was the area of Bengkulu which was also the migration area of Minangkabau society long before the arrival of Europeans.

CONCLUSION
Samaun Bakri in his movement shows a person who tends to be consistent in his movements, indeed tends to vis a vis the Dutch Colonial government. The magnitude of the influence and zeitgeist of Sumatra Thawalib which tended to be left in the 1920s did influence Samaun's attitude and behaviour.
The person who was initially quiet and submissive later turned into a protestor and radical, indeed he addressed to the Dutch East Indies government, which he often attacked through his writings in Persamaan, Sasaran, and Penabur.
In 1927, Semaun has changed ideology. He became a nationalist, but loyal to the ideas of

Islamic modernization which he then participated in Muhammadiyah Groep in Kurai Taji and
Muhammadiyah in Bengkulu Region. From emotional closeness with Bung Karno, as well as a marker of his political career improvement, he is clearly a Sukarnois, can also embrace the ideology of Marhaenism. The proximity of this ideology also made Samaun switch to the government stage, one of them as the Vice-Resident of Banten.